How is this calculated?

A team is counted as still in it for a given target (the title, a top place, staying up) when at least one set of results for the matches left would get it there, taking into account that its rivals also play each other. It is counted as sure only when no set of results can take it away. Teams level on points are treated cautiously while matches remain: level is enough to stay in, never enough to be sure, because goal difference and the other tie-breaks are only applied once the season is over. Points deductions are included as published in the league table.

Botafogo led the Brasileirão after matchday 23 of 2023.

With 51 points, they were 7 ahead of Palmeiras. Nothing was decided mathematically on this matchday.

Results

Date	Home	Score	Away
14 Sep	Internacional	2–1	São Paulo
14 Sep	Flamengo	0–3	Athletico Paranaense
14 Sep	Fortaleza	2–1	Corinthians
14 Sep	Santos	0–3	Cruzeiro
14 Sep	Coritiba	2–4	Bahia
15 Sep	Red Bull Bragantino	2–0	Grêmio
15 Sep	Cuiabá	2–2	América Mineiro
16 Sep	Palmeiras	1–0	Goiás
16 Sep	Vasco da Gama	4–2	Fluminense
17 Sep	Atlético Mineiro	1–0	Botafogo

Table after matchday 23

Pos.	Team	Played	Goal diff.	Points	Max.	Title
1	Botafogo	23	+25	51	96	In it
2	Palmeiras	23	+21	44	89	In it
3	Grêmio	23	+7	40	85	In it
4	Flamengo	23	+6	39	84	In it
5	Red Bull Bragantino	23	+10	39	84	In it
6	Fluminense	23	+7	38	83	In it
7	Athletico Paranaense	23	+9	37	82	In it
8	Fortaleza	23	+5	35	80	In it
9	Atlético Mineiro	23	+7	34	79	In it
10	São Paulo	23	+4	31	76	In it
11	Cuiabá	23	-6	29	74	In it
12	Cruzeiro	23	+3	29	74	In it
13	Internacional	23	-6	29	74	In it
14	Corinthians	23	-2	27	72	In it
15	Bahia	23	-4	25	70	In it
16	Goiás	23	-10	25	70	In it
17	Vasco da Gama	23	-12	23	68	In it
18	Santos	23	-18	21	66	In it
19	América Mineiro	23	-22	17	62	In it
20	Coritiba	23	-24	14	59	In it

Max.: the most points the team can still finish on.

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Quick answers

Who was top of the Brasileirão after matchday 23 of 2023?: Botafogo led the Brasileirão after matchday 23 of 2023. With 51 points, they were 7 ahead of Palmeiras.
What was decided on matchday 23 of the 2023 Brasileirão?: Nothing was decided mathematically on this matchday.
How is this calculated?: A team is counted as still in it for a given target (the title, a top place, staying up) when at least one set of results for the matches left would get it there, taking into account that its rivals also play each other. It is counted as sure only when no set of results can take it away. Teams level on points are treated cautiously while matches remain: level is enough to stay in, never enough to be sure, because goal difference and the other tie-breaks are only applied once the season is over. Points deductions are included as published in the league table.