How is this calculated?

A team is counted as still in it for a given target (the title, a top place, staying up) when at least one set of results for the matches left would get it there, taking into account that its rivals also play each other. It is counted as sure only when no set of results can take it away. Teams level on points are treated cautiously while matches remain: level is enough to stay in, never enough to be sure, because goal difference and the other tie-breaks are only applied once the season is over. Points deductions are included as published in the league table.

Botafogo led the Brasileirão after matchday 28 of 2023.

With 59 points, they were 7 ahead of Red Bull Bragantino. Nothing was decided mathematically on this matchday.

Results

Date	Home	Score	Away
21 Oct	São Paulo	3–0	Grêmio
21 Oct	Cuiabá	1–1	Goiás
21 Oct	Bahia	2–0	Fortaleza
22 Oct	Botafogo	1–1	Athletico Paranaense
22 Oct	Flamengo	1–0	Vasco da Gama
22 Oct	Atlético Mineiro	0–1	Cruzeiro
22 Oct	Internacional	7–1	Santos
22 Oct	Red Bull Bragantino	1–0	Fluminense
22 Oct	Corinthians	1–1	América Mineiro
22 Oct	Coritiba	0–2	Palmeiras

Table after matchday 28

Pos.	Team	Played	Goal diff.	Points	Max.	Title
1	Botafogo	28	+27	59	89	In it
2	Red Bull Bragantino	28	+16	52	82	In it
3	Flamengo	28	+10	50	80	In it
4	Palmeiras	28	+18	47	77	In it
5	Athletico Paranaense	28	+9	45	75	In it
6	Grêmio	28	+3	44	74	In it
7	Atlético Mineiro	28	+10	43	73	In it
8	Fortaleza	28	+4	42	72	In it
9	Fluminense	28	+2	42	72	In it
10	São Paulo	28	+5	38	68	In it
11	Cuiabá	28	-1	37	67	In it
12	Internacional	28	-3	35	65	In it
13	Bahia	28	-1	34	64	In it
14	Cruzeiro	28	+1	34	64	In it
15	Corinthians	28	-2	33	63	In it
16	Goiás	28	-10	31	61	In it
17	Vasco da Gama	28	-11	30	60	In it
18	Santos	28	-21	30	60	In it
19	Coritiba	28	-30	20	50	Out
20	América Mineiro	28	-26	19	49	Out

Max.: the most points the team can still finish on.

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Quick answers

Who was top of the Brasileirão after matchday 28 of 2023?: Botafogo led the Brasileirão after matchday 28 of 2023. With 59 points, they were 7 ahead of Red Bull Bragantino.
What was decided on matchday 28 of the 2023 Brasileirão?: Nothing was decided mathematically on this matchday.
How is this calculated?: A team is counted as still in it for a given target (the title, a top place, staying up) when at least one set of results for the matches left would get it there, taking into account that its rivals also play each other. It is counted as sure only when no set of results can take it away. Teams level on points are treated cautiously while matches remain: level is enough to stay in, never enough to be sure, because goal difference and the other tie-breaks are only applied once the season is over. Points deductions are included as published in the league table.