How is this calculated?

A team is counted as still in it for a given target (the title, a top place, staying up) when at least one set of results for the matches left would get it there, taking into account that its rivals also play each other. It is counted as sure only when no set of results can take it away. Teams level on points are treated cautiously while matches remain: level is enough to stay in, never enough to be sure, because goal difference and the other tie-breaks are only applied once the season is over. Points deductions are included as published in the league table.

Botafogo led the Brasileirão after matchday 31 of 2023.

With 60 points, they were 4 ahead of Palmeiras. Safe from automatic relegation: Palmeiras.

Results

Date	Home	Score	Away
31 Oct	Bahia	1–0	Fluminense
1 Nov	Corinthians	1–0	Athletico Paranaense
1 Nov	Internacional	1–1	América Mineiro
1 Nov	Coritiba	1–2	Grêmio
1 Nov	Flamengo	1–2	Santos
2 Nov	Atlético Mineiro	3–1	Fortaleza
2 Nov	Botafogo	3–4	Palmeiras
2 Nov	Cuiabá	0–2	Vasco da Gama
2 Nov	Goiás	0–2	Red Bull Bragantino
2 Nov	São Paulo	1–0	Cruzeiro

Table after matchday 31

Pos.	Team	Played	Goal diff.	Points	Max.	Title
1	Botafogo	31	+25	60	81	In it
2	Palmeiras	31	+25	56	77	In it
3	Red Bull Bragantino	31	+16	55	76	In it
4	Grêmio	31	+6	53	74	In it
5	Flamengo	31	+9	53	74	In it
6	Atlético Mineiro	31	+15	52	73	In it
7	Athletico Paranaense	31	+9	49	70	In it
8	Fluminense	31	+1	45	66	In it
9	Fortaleza	31	+1	43	64	In it
10	São Paulo	31	+1	42	63	In it
11	Cuiabá	31	-3	40	61	In it
12	Cruzeiro	31	+4	40	61	In it
13	Corinthians	31	+0	40	61	In it
14	Internacional	31	-3	39	60	In it
15	Bahia	31	-4	37	58	Out
16	Santos	31	-19	37	58	Out
17	Vasco da Gama	31	-10	34	55	Out
18	Goiás	31	-14	32	53	Out
19	Coritiba	31	-31	23	44	Out
20	América Mineiro	31	-28	20	41	Out

Max.: the most points the team can still finish on.

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Quick answers

Who was top of the Brasileirão after matchday 31 of 2023?: Botafogo led the Brasileirão after matchday 31 of 2023. With 60 points, they were 4 ahead of Palmeiras.
What was decided on matchday 31 of the 2023 Brasileirão?: Safe from automatic relegation: Palmeiras.
How is this calculated?: A team is counted as still in it for a given target (the title, a top place, staying up) when at least one set of results for the matches left would get it there, taking into account that its rivals also play each other. It is counted as sure only when no set of results can take it away. Teams level on points are treated cautiously while matches remain: level is enough to stay in, never enough to be sure, because goal difference and the other tie-breaks are only applied once the season is over. Points deductions are included as published in the league table.